Abbreviation

ABBREVIATION	WORDS
Sun.
Mon.
Tues.
Wed.
Thurs.
Fri.
Sat.
Jan.
Feb.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.

(The rest of the months are usually not abbreviated)

ABBREVIATION	MEANING
a.m	Ante meridiem
p.m	Post meridiem (after noon)
cm.	Centimeter
Km.	Kilometer
Kg.	Kilogram
Maths.	Mathematics
mm.	Milimetre
e.g.	(example gratia) for example
Etc.	(et  cetera) and the other things
Dr	doctor
Prof.	professor
Mr	Mister
Mrs	Mistress
V.I.P	Very important person
P.S	(post scriptum) written after
Dept.	department

Animals

ANIMALS AND THEIR YOUNG

Antelope – calf

Bear – cub

Beasts of prey – whelp

Beaver – kit

Birds - fledgling, nestling

Cat – kitten

Codfish - codling, sprat

Cow – calf   

Deer - fawn, yearling

Dog - pup, puppy

Duck – duckling

Eagle – eaglet

Eel – elver

Elephant – calf

Elephant seal – weaner

Fish – fry

Fowl - chick, chicken

Fox - cub, pup

Frog - polliwog, tadpole

Goat – kid

Goose – gosling

Grouse – cheeper

Guinea fowl – keet

Hawk – eyas

Hen – pullet

Hippo – calf

Horse - foal, yearling, or

colt (male), filly (female)

Kangaroo – joey

Lion – cub

Owl – owlet

Partridge – cheeper

Pig - piglet, shoat, farrow,

suckling

Pigeon - squab, squeaker

Quail – cheeper

Rabbit - bunny, kit

Rat – pup

Rhino – calf

Rooster – cockerel

Salmon - parr, smolt, grilse

Seal – pup

Shark – cub

Sheep - lamb, lambkins

Swan – cygnet

Tiger - cub, whelp

Turkey – poult

Whale – calf

Zebra - foal

Verbs

Parts of Speech
Verbs

A verb is often defined as a word which shows action or state of being. The verb is the heart of a sentence - every sentence must have a verb. Recognizing the verb is often the most important step in understanding the meaning of a sentence. In the sentence The dog bit the man, bit is the verb and the word which shows the action of the sentence.  In the sentence The man is sitting on a chair, even though the action doesn't show much activity, sitting is the verb of the sentence.  In the sentence She is a smart girl, there is no action but a state of being expressed by the verb is. The word be is different from other verbs in many ways but can still be thought of as a verb.

Unlike most of the other parts of speech, verbs change their form.  Sometimes endings are added (learn - learned) and sometimes the word itself becomes different (teach-taught).  The different forms of verbs show different meanings related to such things as tense (past, present, future), person (first person, second person, third person), number (singular, plural) and voice (active, passive). Verbs are also often accompanied by verb-like words called modals (may, could, should, etc.) and auxiliaries(do, have, will, etc.)  to give them different meanings.

One of the most important things about verbs is their relationship to time.  Verbs tell if something has already happened, if it will happen later, or if it is happening now.  For things happening now, we use the present tense of a verb; for something that has already happened, we use the past tense; and for something that will happen later, we use the future tense.  Some examples of verbs  in each tense are in the chart below:
 

Present	Past	Future
look	Looked	will look
move	Moved	will move
talk	Talked	will talk

Verbs like those in the chart above that form the past tense by adding -d or -ed are called regular verbs.  Some of the most common verbs are not regular and the different forms of the verb must be learned.  Some examples of such irregular verbs are in the chart below:
 

Present	Past	Future
see	Saw	will see
hear	Heard	will hear
speak	Spoke	will speak

The charts above show the simple tenses of the verbs.  There are also progressive or continuous forms which show that the action takes place over a period of time, and perfect forms which show completion of the action.  These forms will be discussed more in other lessons, but a few examples are given in the chart below:
 

Present Continuous	Present Perfect
is looking	has looked
is speaking	has spoken
is talking	has talked

Simple present tense verbs have a special form for the third person singular. Singular means "one" and plural means "more than one."  Person is used here to show who or what does the action and can have the following forms:
    1st person or the self (I, we)
    2nd person or the person spoken to (you)
    3rd person or a person not present (he, she, it, they)
The third person singular forms are represented by the pronouns he, she, it.  The chart below shows how the third person singular verb form changes:
 

Singular		Plural
1st Person (I)	see hear come	1st Person (we)	see hear come
2nd Person (you)	see hear come	2nd Person (you)	see hear come
3rd Person (he, she, it)	sees hears comes	3rd Person (they)	see hear come

A verb must "agree" with its subject. Subject-verb agreement generally means that  the third person singular verb form must be used with a third person subject in the simple present tense. The  word be - the most irregular and also most common verb in English - has different forms for each person and even for the simple past tense.  The forms of the word be are given in the chart below:

Number	Person	Present	Past	Future
Singular	1st (I)	am	was	will be
	2nd (you)	are	were	will be
	3rd (he, she, it)	is	was	will be
Plural	1st (we)	are	were	will be
	2nd (you)	are	were	will be
	3rd (they)	are	were	will be

Usually a subject comes before a verb and an object may come after it.  The subject is what does the action of the verb and the object is what receives the action.  In the sentence Bob ate a humburger, Bob is the subject or the one who did the eating and the hamburger is the object or what got eaten.  A verb which has an object is called a transitive verb and some examples are throw, buy, hit, love.  A verb which has no object is called an intransitive verb and some examples are go, come, walk, listen.

As you can see in the charts above, verbs are often made up of more than one word. The future forms, for example, use the word will and the perfect forms use the word have.  These words are called helping or auxiliary verbs.  The word be can serve as an auxiliary and will and shall are also auxiliary forms. The chart below shows two other verbs which can also be used as auxiliaries:

Number	Person	Present	Past
Singular	1st (I)	have do	had did
	2nd (you)	have do	had did
	3rd (he, she, it)	has does	had did
Plural	1st (we)	have do	had did
	2nd (you)	have do	had did
	3rd (they)	have do	had did

This page shows the basic tenses with the regular verb work. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).

The basic structure is:

positive:	+		subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
negative:	-		subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb
question:	?		auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

These are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:

base verb	past	past participle	present participle -ing
work	worked	worked	working

 

		Past	present	future
SIMPLE do + base verb (except future: will + base verb)	+	I did work I worked	I do work I work	I will work
	-	I did not work	I do not work	I will not work
	?	Did I work?	Do I work?	Will I work?
SIMPLE PERFECT have + past participle	+	I had worked	I have worked	I will have worked
	-	I had not worked	I have not worked	I will not have worked
	?	Had I worked?	Have I worked?	Will I have worked?
CONTINUOUS be + ing	+	I was working	I am working	I will be working
	-	I was not working	I am not working	I will not be working
	?	Was I working?	Am I working?	Will I be working?
CONTINUOUS PERFECT have been + ing	+	I had been working	I have been working	I will have been working
	-	I had not been working	I have not been working	I will not have been working
	?	Had I been working?	Have I been working?	Will I have been working?

Regular Verbs List

accept add admire admit advise afford agree alert

allow amuse analyse announce annoy answer apologise appear

applaud appreciate approve argue arrange arrest arrive ask

attach attack attempt attend attract avoid

back bake balance ban bang bare bat bathe battle beam

beg behave belong bleach bless blind blink blot blush boast

boil bolt bomb book bore borrow bounce bow box brake

brake branch breathe bruise brush bubble bump burn bury buzz

calculate call camp care carry carve cause challenge change charge chase cheat check cheer chew

choke chop claim clap clean clear clip close coach coil collect colour comb command communicate

compare compete complain complete concentrate concern confess confuse connect consider consist contain continue copy correct

cough count cover crack crash crawl cross crush cry cure curl curve cycle

dam damage dance dare decay deceive decide decorate delay delight

deliver depend describe desert deserve destroy detect develop disagree disappear

disapprove disarm discover dislike divide double doubt drag drain dream

dress drip drop drown drum dry dust

earn educate embarrass employ empty encourage

end enjoy enter entertain escape examine

excite excuse exercise exist expand expect

explain explode extend

face fade fail fancy fasten fax fear fence

fetch file fill film fire fit fix flap

flash float flood flow flower fold follow fool

force form found frame frighten fry

gather gaze glow glue

grab grate grease greet

grin grip groan guarantee

guard guess guide

hammer hand handle hang happen harass

harm hate haunt head heal heap

heat help hook hop hope hover

hug hum hunt hurry

identify ignore imagine impress improve include

increase influence inform inject injure instruct

intend interest interfere interrupt introduce invent

invite irritate itch

jail jam

jog join

joke judge

juggle jump

kick kill

kiss kneel

knit knock

knot

label land last laugh launch

learn level license lick lie

lighten like list listen live

load lock long look love

man manage march mark marry match mate

matter measure meddle melt memorise mend mess up

milk mine miss mix moan moor mourn

move muddle mug multiply murder

nail name

need nest

nod note

notice number

obey object observe

obtain occur offend

offer open order

overflow owe own

pack paddle paint park part pass paste pat pause peck pedal peel peep perform

permit phone pick pinch pine place plan plant play please plug point poke polish

pop possess post pour practise pray preach precede prefer prepare present preserve press pretend

prevent prick print produce program promise protect provide pull pump punch puncture punish push

question

queue

race radiate rain raise reach realise receive recognise record reduce reflect

refuse regret reign reject rejoice relax release rely remain remember remind

remove repair repeat replace reply report reproduce request rescue retire return

rhyme rinse risk rob rock roll rot rub ruin rule rush

sack sail satisfy save saw scare scatter scold scorch scrape scratch scream screw scribble scrub seal search separate serve settle shade share shave shelter

shiver shock shop shrug sigh sign signal sin sip ski skip slap slip slow smash smell smile smoke snatch sneeze sniff snore snow soak

soothe sound spare spark sparkle spell spill spoil spot spray sprout squash squeak squeal squeeze stain stamp stare start stay steer step stir stitch

stop store strap strengthen stretch strip stroke stuff subtract succeed suck suffer suggest suit supply support suppose surprise surround suspect suspend switch

talk tame tap taste tease telephone tempt terrify test thank

thaw tick tickle tie time tip tire touch tour tow

trace trade train transport trap travel treat tremble trick trip

trot trouble trust try tug tumble turn twist type

undress unfasten

unite unlock

unpack untidy

use

vanish

visit

wail wait walk wander want warm warn wash

waste watch water wave weigh welcome whine whip

whirl whisper whistle wink wipe wish wobble wonder

work worry wrap wreck wrestle wriggle

x-ray

yawn

yell

zip

zoom